For the last few weeks I have been designing and building new miniature low temperature filters. The idea of these little filter boxes is to be relatively good low pass filters (with no re-entrance of transmission at multi-GHz frequencies). The standard way to do this is to use a technology known as the powder filter. This idea was first used by Martinis et al. in the mid 1980s. They are pretty much essential for direct measurements on qubits and quantum phenomena in Josephson junctions, as they are a really good way of removing high frequency noise which causes decoherence and obscures the measurements.
Powder filters usually consist of a coil of wire with an inductance, L, and resistance, R, embedded in a powder of fine metal granules. A capacitance C can also be added to the system. The skin depth in the metal is similar to the grain size and therefore microwave frequency signals are absorbed well by the powder. Originally Copper powder was used, but stainless steel powder seems to give a better response (probably because the grains are more resistive). The result is a low pass LRC filter. LC style filters usually have problems stopping very high frequency signals, because at some frequency the inter-winding capacitance of the coil begins to look like a short, and the high frequencies jump straight across the filter. The powder helps to reduce this problem by absorbing such frequencies.
So how do you make them?
In a fully shielded system the filters must be housed in a metal enclosure. This also handily stops your powder ending up on the floor. I’m going to do a separate post on how to assemble the things. In the pictures below I haven’t put the lid on the filter yet, so you can see inside it. The filter must essentially be hermetically sealed. A rule of thumb: if it’s water-tight, it’s microwave tight 🙂 You can screw the thing together if the filter is machined, but seeing as it is handmade, and I didn’t happen to have a spare lifetime to look for all the sub-1mm screws that I would inevitably lose during this process, I soldered it together instead.
Here is the resulting filter…
The first picture below shows the little coils inside the enclosure. There are 3 filters in one here. The enclosure measures 20mm x 50mm, and the coil wire is 0.08mm thick. I don’t know exactly how many turns there are on each coil, but there’s over 100. The feedthrough capacitors are mounted on both ends of the filter coil to giv’ it some C.
Next the powder is added. This was a test run, so the powder was not permanently set in place, but was rather mixed with a solvent which allows the powder to flow (rather like cement) and then evaporates, leaving the grains tightly packed. Using this technique the powder can be removed again by adding more solvent. Here is a picture:
Once the filter has been tested, the coils can be permanently set in place. This is done with a mixture of the metal powder and an epoxy-resin known as STYCAST. Stycast sets really hard, and also does not crack at low temperatures (unlike almost every other type of glue) so it’s pretty much ideal. Here’s a picture of the finished filter.
What is the response like? Well it looks like this:
The frequency range is from 50MHz->40GHz and the reference line is -40dB with 10dB/div. Not bad for a miniature test filter. You usually chain about 3 or 4 of these in a row to get a good response. This test filter has MCX connectors to attach it to the VNA, which make it slightly larger than it should be. In the full system these will hopefully be replaced by some smaller, neater, shielded twisted pairs. I’ll write a little series of posts about other aspects of these filters, as there’s too much information to put it all in one.
I’ve just been reading ‘Shaping Things’ by Bruce Sterling (2005). It’s a very interesting and cute book, I’d certainly recommend it. It’s about design, the interaction between people and objects, and how society can be catagorised into historical ‘eras’ determined by this interaction. The book talks about the SPIME – totally interactive and recyclable objects/material items, and how these items will infiltrate our future. The idea is that such objects will boast an incredible amount of information all built in to the design (how the object was made, material properties, the object’s complete history, etc.), although this is usually contained in a database external to the object (e.g. a weblink). The infrastructure for this technology is already mostly in place (barcodes/RFID) and can be extended (think micro/nanodots on each individual part of the object).
Physics and cake 